DESCRIPTION TEXT, NARRATIVE TEXT, ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT DAN EXPOSITORY

DESCRIPTION TEXT

A.    Pengertian Descriptive Text

Descriptive Text merupakan jenis teks yang banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dalam menggambarkan benda, tempat, manusia, hewan dan lain sebagainya.

B.     Generic Structure Descriptive Text

Di setiap Descriptive Text terdapat dua bagian yang menjadi ciri dari Descriptive Text itu sendiri. Kedua bagian tersebut adalah:

1.      Identification 

Idnetification adalah bagian dari Descriptive Text yang berisi tentang topik atau "apa" yang akan digambarkan atau dideskripsikan.

2.      Description 

Description adalah bagian terakhir dari Descriptive Text yang berisi tentang pembahasan atau penggambaran tentang topik atau "apa" yang ada di Identification mengenai kenampakan fisik, kualitas, perilaku umum maupun sifat-sifatnya.

C.    Ciri Kebahasan Descriptive Text

1.      Descriptive Text menggunakan Present Tense, misalnya: go, eat, fly, etc.  

2.      Descriptive Text menggunakan berbagaimacam Adjectives (kata sifat) yang bersifat Describing (mengambarkan), Numbering (Menomerkan), dan Classifying (mengklasifikasikan), misalnya: two strong legs, sharp white fangs, etc.  

3.      Descriptive Text menggunakan Thinking Verbs (kata kerja berfikir, seperti belive, think, etc.) dan Feeling Verbs (kata kerja perasa, seperti feel)untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis tentang subjek, misalnya: police believe the suspect is armed, I think it is a clever animal, etc.

D.    Contoh Teks Discriptive

Prof. Patuan Raja is tall and slim enough. His skin is white. He has an oval face with a sharp nose.

Prof. Patuan Raja is humorous but he can be a serious one in some situations. His class is never boring. He has a lot of jokes which make the lecture interesting and alive. I always feel excited to study English with him. Because I always get something new not only english but also lesson of life. I am lucky to have a lecture like him. He is friendly, dedicated and experienced in his work, and so inspiring.

NARRATIVE TEXT

A.    Pengertian Narrative Text

Narrative Text adalah satu dari 13 jenis teks bahasa inggris (genre) yang lahir dari kalangan Narration (lihat Types Of Text) sepertihalnya Recount Text, Anecdote Text, Spoof Text dan News Items Text yang mana berfungsi untuk menceritakan kisah masa lampau dan untuk hiburan.

B.     Generic Structure Narrative Text

Setiap jenis teks bahasa Inggris (genre) memiliki struktur teks-nya sendiri-sendiri. Struktur dari Narrative Text terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu :

1.      Orientation

 Pada bagian Orientation atau pengenalan berisi tentang pengenalan tokoh dalam cerita serta waktu dan tempat kejadiannya.

2.      Complication

Pada bagian Complication berisi tentang gambaran munculnya krisis atau masalah yang di alami oleh tokoh pada cerita tersebut yang harus dipecahkan.

3.      Resolution

Pada bagian Resolution berisi tentang bagaiman tokoh dari cerita tersebut memecahkan masalah yang ada pada bagian Complication. Biasanya terdapat lebih dari satu Resolution untuk satu Complication.

C.    Ciri Kebahasan Narrative Text

Pada Narrative Text, terdapat beberapa ciri-ciri antara lain sebagai berikut :

·         Mengunakan Action Verb dalam bentuk Past Tense. Misalnya : Climbed, Turned, Brought, dsb.

·         Menggunakan Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan dan benda tertentu dalam cerita. Misalnya : the king, the queen, dsb.

·         Menggunakan Adjectives yang membentuk noun phrase. Misalnya : long black hair, two red apples, dsb.

• Menggunakan Time Connectives dan Conjunctions untuk mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian. Misalnya : then, before, after, soon, dsb.

D.    Contoh Narrative Text

Banyak sudah contoh mengenai Narrative Text yang telah dibuat , anda bisa melihatnya di Cerita Rakyat Bahasa Inggris. Tapi untuk lebih afdolnya, penulis hadirkan contoh Narrative Text sebagai berikut beserta contohnya.

Snow White

(Orientation)
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead. 

(Complication)
One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.

Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
(Resolution)
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.

Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, “what is your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.” Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and finally Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.[1]

ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT

PENGERTIAN ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT

Argumentative adalah sebuah paragraf yang menerangkan dan meyakinkan kepada pembaca tentang pro (setuju) dan cons (tidak setuju), yang sering disebut dengan argumentative paragraph.

Argumentative memiliki generic structure, yaitu :

1.      It has a topic sentence (memiliki kalimat topik)

2.      It has supporting sentences for pros and supporting sentences for cons. Further both of these are called argument (memiliki kalimat pendukung untuk pro dan kalimat pendukung untuk kontra. Keduanya disebut argumen)

3.      It has to use deductive or inductive reasoning, cause and effect. And argument by authority (memiliki alasan secara deduktif atau induktif, sebab-akibat, dan argumen secara otoritas)

Selain generic structure, argumentative juga memiliki language forms, yaitu

1.      Menggunakan bermacam-macam tenses ( multiple tenses): present, past, future

2.      Menggunakan kata kerja (verbs) : believe,object, argue

3.      Menggunakan modal ; can, will, would, should, etc

4.      Menggunakan kata keterangan (adverb): due to, because, etc

5.      Menggunakan kata pertanyaan (question word) : why, how, what, etc

Contoh dari Argumentative adalah:

Science and Religion

The communist ideology believes that science does not need religion. Their followers have claimed that religion is drugs or toxin, and toxin in fact make the users drunken or unaware or fly. Thus, there is no need to have religion in this life. They can live happily in balance and in harmony without any religion beside science. They call those who need religion beside science as stupid or old fashioned. Whereby, they call themselves as modern or up to date. The opponents to this belief, however think vice versa. Science needs a religion to make it balance. They believes that science without a religion is blind. While religion also needs science. They believe that religion without science is lame. Thus, science and religion are catalysators for mankind to live on the track or in harmony. They called those who do not religion beside science as crazy or insane people. In short, both sides have their own arguments to promote their belief and each of whom blame to one another for creating this world imbalance, war, and global crisis.[2]

EXPOSITORY

Expository Paragraph (Paragraf Eksposisi) adalah paragraf yang bertujuan memaparkan, menjelaskan, menyampaikan informasi, mengajarkan, dan menerangkan sesuatu tanpa disertai ajakan atau desakan agar pembaca menerima atau mengikutinya. Paragraf eksposisi biasa digunakan untuk menyajikan pengetahuan / ilmu, definisi, pengertian, langkah-langkah suatu kegiatan, metode, cara, dan proses terjadinya sesuatu.

Ciri-ciri paragraf eksposisi adalah sebagai berikut:

·         Berisi tentang pendapat, gagasan, atau keyakinan penulis terhadap suatu masalah bidang tertentu

·         Uraian bersifat objektif, semata-mata hanya untuk menambah pengetahuan pembaca tanpa didasari maksud tertentu

·         Diperjelas dengan fakta yang dilengkapi dengan angka, peta, grafik, statistik, gambar atau bagan sebagai ilustrasi

·         Menggali melalui analisis dan sintesis

·         Paragraf diakhiri dengan penegasan, bukan ajakan atau permintaan dukungan

Contoh Paragrap Eksposisi – Klasifikasi

The Government will provide assistance for a home to earthquake survivors. It is tailored to the level of damage. Residents whose homes were slightly damaged will receive about 10 million rupiahs, while those whose homes were severely damaged will receieve about 30 million rupiahs. The prospective recipients are determined by the local village officials with oversight of the NGOs.

Contoh Paragrap Eksposisi – Ilustrasi

original cloves come from Maluku Islands. The unopened flower buds is important spices. Besides its important usage as spice, a nail-shaped flower buds are good for cigarrette.

Contoh Paragrap Eksposisi – Perbandingan/Pertentangan

In the field, the farmers cultivate vannamei shrimp. Although it is cheaper than tiger prawns, vannamei is resistance of various diseases, while the tiger prawns are very susceptible to the disease.

Contoh Paragrap Eksposisi – Laporan

Actually, not only ITS offers instant healthy home for Aceh or known by ITS Houses for Aceh. Center for Housing Research and Development Department of Public Works also offers a “Risha” (Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat). The model is almost the same, easy mangled. The difference is, the structure and construction system. Risha is slightly more expensive, 20 million rupiahs for the type 36. However, it can reach 50 years of age because of structural components using reinforced concrete, reinforced steel plates at the joints. The strength to the earthquake have also been tested in the laboratory until the zoning of six.

Contoh Paragrap Eksposisi – Proses

Until the day 8, aid for earthquake victims in Yogyakarta have not been evenly distributed. It is seen in some areas of Bantul and Jetis, for example, in the village of Piyungan. Until now, the village residents of Piyungan only eat cassava. They took it from some residents gardens. If there are people who eat rice, it is the remains of rice they had collected beneath the rubble. Such conditions sshow that government assistance is less prevalent.

Contoh Paragrap Eksposisi – Definisi

Ozone therapy is a treatment of a disease by introducing oxygen, urni and ozone with high energy into the body via the blood. It is very beneficial for health, good for curing diseases that we suffer and as a disease prevention.[3]

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[1]http://www.belajarbahasainggris.us/2014/01/penjelasan-contoh-narrative-text-lengkap.html

[2]http://www.tutorialbahasainggris.com/definisi-dan-contoh-teks-argumentative-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html

[3] http://englishclubs8.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/reading-expository-definition-and.html